我现在主要的工作学习方向是Qt开发, Qt是一个可以应用于Python和C++的图形化应用开发框架. 在Qt之前, 我最先接触的Python图形化开发就是tkinter. Tkinter是一个Python自带的库, 就是说, 它的兼容性会相对的好很多. 这篇博客就记录下去年 ( 21年 ) 我向董付国老师学习做的几个tkinter app. 以现在的眼光看来这些软件的UI都过于原始了些, 毕竟要开发美观的界面肯定是考虑Qt而不是tkinter, 但是如果目的是轻量级, 快速, 或者学习目的的话 , tkinter还是可以勉强用用的.
1. 数字时钟 digital clock
说明:
实现一个app, 通过悬浮显示一个数字时间, 在浮窗上单击左键并且移动可以实现拖动app, 在浮窗上单击鼠标右键可以让时钟停止运行.
截图:
完整代码:
比较简单, 就直接放代码.
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import tkinter
import threading
import time
import datetime
app = tkinter.Tk()
app.overrideredirect(True)
app.attributes('-alpha', 0.9)
app.attributes('-topmost', 1)
app.geometry('180x25+100+100')
labelDateTime = tkinter.Label(app, width=180)
labelDateTime.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)
labelDateTime.configure(fg='blue', bg='lightyellow')
X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
canMove = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
still = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
def onLeftButtonDown(event):
app.attributes('-alpha', 0.4)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
canMove.set(1)
labelDateTime.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)
def onLeftButtonUp(event):
app.attributes('-alpha', 0.9)
canMove.set(0)
labelDateTime.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)
def onLeftButtonMove(event):
if canMove.get() == 0:
return
newX = app.winfo_x() + (event.x - X.get())
newY = app.winfo_y() + (event.y - Y.get())
g = '180x25+' + str(newX) + '+' + str(newY)
app.geometry(g)
labelDateTime.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)
def onRightButtonDown(event):
still.set(0)
t.join(0.2)
app.destroy()
labelDateTime.bind('<Button-3>', onRightButtonDown)
def nowDateTime():
while still.get() == 1:
s = str(datetime.datetime.now())[:19]
labelDateTime['text'] = s
time.sleep(0.2)
t = threading.Thread(target=nowDateTime)
t.daemon = True
t.start()
app.mainloop()
2. 画图软件 draw
说明:
这个软件相对之前的clock软件就复杂了很多, 实现了一个标准的画图软件最常见的功能, 比如: 画曲线, 直线, 添加前景色背景色, 画矩形, 添加文字, 擦除, 打开图片为背景, 保存画作.
截图:
代码:
imports:
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import os
import tkinter
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.filedialog
from PIL import ImageGrab
simpledialog 用于打开一个对话框, 向用户询问需要添加到界面的字.
colorchooser 用于选择前景色和背景色, 这个模块本身的实现程度非常高, 只需要打开, 就会有一个很完善的, 询问颜色的选择器.
PIL.ImageGrab 是一个可以用于截图的模块, 这里用来保存画作, 原理比较笨, 就是把当前应用程序 window的部分截图保存下来.
取色:
因为有初始的颜色, 所以先设定默认的背景色和前景色 ( 画笔色 ) .
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fgColor = '#000000'
bgColor = '#ffffff'
通过contexmenu调用方法来选择颜色
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def chooseFgColor():
global fgColor
fgColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose foreground color', command=chooseFgColor)
def chooseBgColor():
global bgColor
bgColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose background color', command=chooseBgColor)
声明为global是为了选择后长期生效, 之前没有注意到这点, 发现在choose方法中 给fgcolor重新赋值之后并没有效果.
完整代码:
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import os
import tkinter
import tkinter.simpledialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.filedialog
from PIL import ImageGrab
# import pyscreenshot as ImageGrab
app = tkinter.Tk()
app.title('My painting')
app['width'] = 800
app['height'] = 600
drawable = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
# 1: curve line , 2: straight line, 3: rectangle, 4: text, 5: eraser
items = tkinter.IntVar(value=1)
# cursor position
X = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
Y = tkinter.IntVar(value=0)
fgColor = '#000000'
bgColor = '#ffffff'
image = tkinter.PhotoImage()
canvas = tkinter.Canvas(app, width=800, height=600, bg='white')
canvas.create_image(800, 600, image=image)
def onLeftButtonDown(event):
drawable.set(1)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
if items.get() == 4:
canvas.create_text(event.x, event.y, text=text)
canvas.bind('<Button-1>', onLeftButtonDown)
lastDraw = 0
def onLeftButtonMove(event):
global lastDraw
if drawable == 0:
return
if items.get() == 1:
lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(),
Y.get(),
event.x,
event.y,
fill=fgColor)
X.set(event.x)
Y.set(event.y)
elif items.get() == 2:
try:
canvas.delete(lastDraw)
except Exception as e:
pass
lastDraw = canvas.create_line(X.get(),
Y.get(),
event.x,
event.y,
fill=fgColor)
elif items.get() == 3:
try:
canvas.delete(lastDraw)
except Exception as e:
pass
lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(),
Y.get(),
event.x,
event.y,
fill=bgColor, outline=fgColor)
elif items.get() == 5:
global left, right, bottom, top
try:
canvas.create_rectangle(left, top, right, bottom, outline=bgColor, fill=bgColor)
except Exception as e:
pass
left = event.x - 10
top = event.y - 10
right = event.x + 10
bottom = event.y + 10
lastDraw = canvas.create_rectangle(event.x - 10,
event.y - 10,
event.x + 10,
event.y + 10,
outline=fgColor,
fill=bgColor)
canvas.bind('<B1-Motion>', onLeftButtonMove)
def onLeftButtonUp(event):
if items.get() == 2:
canvas.create_line(X.get(),
Y.get(),
event.x,
event.y,
fill=fgColor)
elif items.get() == 3:
canvas.create_rectangle(X.get(),
Y.get(),
event.x,
event.y,
fill=bgColor, outline=fgColor)
elif items.get() == 5:
canvas.create_rectangle(left, top, right, bottom, outline=bgColor, fill=bgColor)
drawable.set(0)
global lastDraw
lastDraw = 0
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', onLeftButtonUp)
# menu
menu = tkinter.Menu(app, tearoff=0)
def open():
filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='Open image:',
filetypes=[('image', '*.png *.gif')])
# filename = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename()
if filename:
global image
image = tkinter.PhotoImage(file=filename)
canvas.create_image(80, 80, image=image)
menu.add_command(label='Open', command=open)
def save():
filename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(title='Save file:',
filetypes=[('image', '*.png')])
if not filename:
return
if not filename.endswith('.png'):
filename += '.png'
left = int(app.winfo_rootx())
top = int(app.winfo_rooty())
width = app.winfo_width()
height = app.winfo_height()
bbox = (left, top, left + width, top + height)
# cannot get the correct left top coordinate
im = ImageGrab.grab(bbox)
im.save(filename)
menu.add_command(label='Save', command=save)
def clear():
for item in canvas.find_all():
canvas.delete(item)
menu.add_command(label='Clear', command=clear)
menu.add_separator()
menuType = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)
def drawCurve():
items.set(1)
print(items.get())
menuType.add_command(label='Curve', command=drawCurve)
def drawLine():
items.set(2)
print(items.get())
menuType.add_command(label='Line', command=drawLine)
def drawRec():
items.set(3)
print(items.get())
menuType.add_command(label='Rectangle', command=drawRec)
def inputText():
global text
text = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring('What do you wanna input: ', '')
items.set(4)
menuType.add_command(label='Text', command=inputText)
menuType.add_separator()
def useEraser():
items.set(5)
print(items.get())
menuType.add_command(label='Eraser', command=useEraser)
def chooseFgColor():
global fgColor
fgColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose foreground color', command=chooseFgColor)
def chooseBgColor():
global bgColor
bgColor = tkinter.colorchooser.askcolor()[1]
menuType.add_command(label='Choose background color', command=chooseBgColor)
menu.add_cascade(label='Type', menu=menuType)
def onRightButtonUp(event):
menu.post(event.x_root, event.y_root)
canvas.bind('<ButtonRelease-3>', onRightButtonUp)
canvas.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)
app.mainloop()
3. 文本编辑器 editor
说明:
软件实现了标准的文本编辑器功能, 可以加载本地文本编辑, 也可以自己写新的文档保存. 还有比如 copy , paste, undo , redo 等编辑功能. 我做这个的时候, 正好Python课的作业是文本编辑, 所以就把这个作为作业交了, 老师的建议是增加一些在生活中实用的高级功能, 比如 markdown支持. 当时没时间研究, 没做, 现在会了, 但是也不会考虑在这个软件的基础上改, 毕竟现在ui能力比较强了, 也会了Qt, tkinter写出来的界面我确实看不上.
截图:
完整代码:
刚刚测试发现open功能有问题, 可恶, 也懒得修了. 直接放完整源码了.
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import tkinter
import tkinter.messagebox
import tkinter.filedialog
import tkinter.colorchooser
import tkinter.scrolledtext
import tkinter.simpledialog
# basic window
app = tkinter.Tk()
app.title('Notepad 实验7')
app['width'] = 800
app['height'] = 600
# textChange flag
textChanged = tkinter.IntVar(app, value=0)
# fileName
fileName = ''
# menu
menu = tkinter.Menu(app)
submenu = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)
def Open():
global fileName
if textChanged.get():
yesno = tkinter.messagebox.askyesno(title='save or not', message='do you want to save')
if yesno == tkinter.YES:
Save()
fileName = tkinter.filedialog.askopenfilename(title='open file', fileTypes=[('text files', '*.txt')])
if fileName:
txtContent.delete(0.0, tkinter.END)
with Open(fileName, 'r') as fp:
txtContent.insert(tkinter.INSERT, ''.join(fp.readlines()))
textChanged.set(0)
submenu.add_command(label='Open', command=Open)
def Save():
global fileName
if not fileName:
SaveAs()
elif textChanged.get():
with Open(fileName, 'w') as fp:
fp.write(txtContent.get(0.0, tkinter.END))
textChanged.set(0)
submenu.add_command(label='Save', command=Save)
def SaveAs():
global fileName
newfilename = tkinter.filedialog.asksaveasfilename(title='Save as',
initialdir=r'e:\\',
initialfile='new.txt')
if newfilename:
with open(newfilename, 'w') as fp:
fp.write(txtContent.get(0.0, tkinter.END))
fileName = newfilename
textChanged.set(0)
submenu.add_command(label='Save as', command=SaveAs)
submenu.add_separator()
def Close():
global fileName
Save()
txtContent.delete(0.0, tkinter.END)
fileName = ''
submenu.add_command(label='Close', command=Close)
menu.add_cascade(label='File', menu=submenu)
# Edit
submenu = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)
def Undo():
txtContent['undo'] = True
try:
txtContent.edit_undo()
except Exception as e:
pass
submenu.add_command(label='Undo', command=Undo)
def Redo():
txtContent['undo'] = True
try:
txtContent.edit_redo()
except Exception as e:
pass
submenu.add_command(label='Redo', command=Redo)
submenu.add_separator()
def Copy():
txtContent.clipboard_clear()
txtContent.clipboard_append(txtContent.selection_get())
submenu.add_command(label='Copy', command=Copy)
def Cut():
Copy()
txtContent.delete(tkinter.SEL_FIRST, tkinter.SEL_LAST)
submenu.add_command(label='Cut', command=Cut)
def Paste():
try:
txtContent.insert(tkinter.SEL_FIRST, txtContent.clipboard_get())
txtContent.delete(tkinter.SEL_FIRST, tkinter.SEL_LAST)
return
except Exception as e:
pass
txtContent.insert(tkinter.INSERT, txtContent.clipboard_get())
submenu.add_command(label='Paste', command=Paste)
submenu.add_separator()
def Search():
textToSearch = tkinter.simpledialog.askstring(title='Search',
prompt='What to search?')
start = txtContent.search(textToSearch, 0.0, tkinter.END)
if start:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='Found', message='Ok')
else:
tkinter.messagebox.showerror(title='Not Found', message='Fail')
submenu.add_command(label='Search', command=Search)
menu.add_cascade(label='Edit', menu=submenu)
# Help
submenu = tkinter.Menu(menu, tearoff=0)
def About():
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo(title='About',
message='Author: Eric.H')
submenu.add_command(label='About', command=About)
menu.add_cascade(label='Help', menu=submenu)
app.config(menu=menu)
txtContent = tkinter.scrolledtext.ScrolledText(app, wrap=tkinter.WORD)
txtContent.pack(fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=tkinter.YES)
def KeyPress(event):
textChanged.set(1)
txtContent.bind('<KeyPress>', KeyPress)
app.mainloop()
4. 选择器 selector
说明:
我都看不下去了, 就是自己会了更好的技术后看这些都是什么垃圾啊, 包括前面的几个. 截个图放个代码记录一下差不多了. 还是说明下, 这个选择器的结构还是很常见的, 过于简单, 对于初学者参考还是不错的. 之后我会发新的博客展示下我的Qt项目, 那个就牛逼多了. 有复杂的Qss, 界面自适应也做的很好. 数据库和网络也都用到了很多知识的综合项目.
截图:
完整代码:
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import tkinter
import tkinter.ttk
import tkinter.messagebox
app = tkinter.Tk()
app.title('Selection widgets')
app.geometry('400x400')
labelName = tkinter.Label(app, text='Name:', justify=tkinter.RIGHT, width=50)
labelName.place(x=10, y=5, width=50, height=20)
varName = tkinter.StringVar(app, value='')
entryName = tkinter.Entry(app, width=120, textvariable=varName)
entryName.place(x=70, y=5, width=120, height=20)
labelGrade = tkinter.Label(app, text='Grade:', justify=tkinter.RIGHT, width=50)
labelGrade.place(x=10, y=40, width=50, height=20)
studentClasses = {
'1': ['1', '2', '3'],
'2': ['1', '2', '3', '4'],
'3': ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
}
comboGrade = tkinter.ttk.Combobox(app, width=50, value=tuple(studentClasses.keys()))
comboGrade.place(x=70, y=40, width=50, height=20)
labelClasses = tkinter.Label(app, text='Class:', justify=tkinter.RIGHT, width=50)
labelClasses.place(x=130, y=40, width=50, height=20)
def ComboChange(event):
grade = comboGrade.get()
if grade:
comboClass['values'] = studentClasses.get(grade)
else:
comboClass.set([])
comboGrade.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', ComboChange)
comboClass = tkinter.ttk.Combobox(app, width=50)
comboClass.place(x=190, y=40, width=50, height=20)
gender = tkinter.IntVar(app, value=1)
labelGender = tkinter.Label(app, text='Gender:', width=50, justify=tkinter.RIGHT)
labelGender.place(x=10, y=70, width=50, height=20)
radioMan = tkinter.Radiobutton(app, variable=gender, text='Man', value=1)
radioMan.place(x=70, y=70, width=50, height=20)
radioWoman = tkinter.Radiobutton(app, variable=gender, text='Woman', value=0)
radioWoman.place(x=150, y=70, width=70, height=20)
monitor = tkinter.IntVar(app, value=0)
checkMonitor = tkinter.Checkbutton(app, text='Is monitor?', variable=monitor, onvalue=1, offvalue=0)
checkMonitor.place(x=10, y=100, width=100, height=20)
# add and delete button
def AddInformation():
name = varName.get()
grade = comboGrade.get()
classSelected = comboClass.get()
if not (name.strip() and grade and classSelected):
tkinter.messagebox.showerror('Failed adding', 'info not completed, please check')
return
result = 'name:' + name + ' grade:' + grade + ' class:' + classSelected
result = result + (' man' if gender.get() else ' woman')
result = result + (' monitor' if monitor.get() else ' not monitor')
listboxStudents.insert(0, result)
varName.set('')
buttonAdd = tkinter.Button(app, text='Add', width=80, command=AddInformation)
buttonAdd.place(x=130, y=100, width=40, height=20)
def DeleteSelection():
selection = listboxStudents.curselection()
if not selection:
tkinter.messagebox.showinfo('Information', 'No selection')
else:
listboxStudents.delete(selection)
buttonDel = tkinter.Button(app, text='Delete', width=100, command=DeleteSelection)
buttonDel.place(x=180, y=100, width=100, height=20)
listboxStudents = tkinter.Listbox(app, width=300)
listboxStudents.place(x=10, y=130, width=300, height=200)
app.mainloop()
